httpd

apache

nginx

Configuration

user www www
worker_processes 2;
events {
    worker_connections  512;
}
http {
    server_tokens off; # サーバ情報を隠蔽(version etc)
    upstream target.jp7fkf.dev{
        server 10.0.0.1:10080;
    }
    server {
        server_name target.jp7fkf.dev;
        listen 80;
        client_max_body_size 20M;
        error_page 404   /404.html
        error_page 500 502 503 504   /50x.html
        client_max_body_size 8M;
        access_log /var/log/nginx/target.jp7fkf.dev.log;
        error_log /var/log/nginx/target.jp7fkf.dev.error.log;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://target.jp7fkf.dev;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server   $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        }
    }
    server {
        listen       80  default_server;
        server_name  _;
        return       444;
    }
}
  • server_nameディレクティブではHTTPのHostとのmatchを見る．matchしない場合はdefaultに振り分けられる．
    • Hostって
    • サブドメイン等にマッチさせる場合は *.example.comなどとワイルドカード指定および正規表現指定(~^www\d+\.example\.com$;)が可能．
    • 複数指定する場合は半角スペース区切りで記載する．
  • default_server ディレクティブはどのserverディレクティブにもmatchしなかったものを吸うために使える．(listen directiveで指定)
    • 0.8.21以前ではdefault serverディレクティブでは指定できないのでdefaultを用いる．
  • locationの指定では最も限定されたリテラルなロケーションを検索し，次に正規表現によって表現されたロケーションを上から順に選択する．正規表現によるロケーションにマッチした場合はそれが採用される．すべてのロケーションはクエリ文字列を除いたURIで検索される．
  • error_pageディレクティブでは当該エラーコードを返却する際に特定のページを表示することができる．
  • upstreamディレクティブでは複数のsvを1つにみなせる．
  • return 444; はhttp status codeではなくnginx固有のconfig. 何も返却せずにconnection closeする．
  • その他
autoindex on;
location /foo{
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
    root /path/to/foo;
}

nginxでhttps化のためにSSL証明書を設定する．

  • 鍵をつくる

      # 鍵生成
  sudo openssl genrsa -des3 -out ./ssl.hoge.com.key 2048
  # 鍵からcsrをつくる
  sudo openssl req -new -key ./ssl.hoge.com.key -out ./ssl.hoge.com.csr
  # みる
  less ssl.hoge.com.csr
    • これで鍵はできた．これを用いて証明書を発行する．

  • 発行された証明書をinstall

      # 証明書を結合する（必要があれば）
  cat SSLサーバ証明書ファイル(crt) 中間証明書ファイル(cer) > 新しい結合ファイル(pem)
  # 1. SSL証明書
  # 2. SSL中間CA証明書
  # 3. クロスルート証明書
  # の順番で結合されているべきらしい．

  # 権限をroot onlyに変更．所有者，グループをrootに変更
  chmod 400 SSLサーバ証明書の保存ディレクトリ/結合後のファイル名
  chown root:root SSLサーバ証明書の保存ディレクトリ/結合後のファイル名

  # nginx の証明書参照先を確認/変更．
  vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/ssl.conf
  ===
  ssl_protocols <use_protocol>
  server {
    listen <port_num>;
    ssl <ena/disable>;
    server_name <server_fqdn(common_name)>;
    ssl_certificate <path_to_ssl_pem>;
    ssl_certificate_key <path_to_ssl_key>;
  ...
  }
  ===

  # config validation and reload
  service nginx configtest && service nginx reload
  # (same as [/usr/sbin/]nginx -t && [usr/sbin/]nginx -s reload)
  # (same as service nginx configtest && service nginx reload)
    • SSL秘密鍵にpassphraseが設定されているとnginx起動時にpassphraseの入力が求められるらしい．
      • これを回避するには単純に秘密鍵ファイルからpassphraseを抜いてあげればよい
      • openssl rsa -in cert.key -out cert.key してpassphraseを入力してpassphraseを削除した秘密鍵ファイルにしてやる．
        • 念の為バックアップを取ったほうがいいと思う．

nginxでリバプロ

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443;
    ssl on;
    # ...
}
  • websocketいれるとき下記いれないとだめっぽい．
proxy_http_version  1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;

docker-compose nginxでコンテナ間リバプロ

fkflab@docker01:~/nginx-proxy$ cat conf.d/target.conf
upstream target.jp7fkf.dev{
    server 10.0.0.1:;
}

server {
    server_name target.jp7fkf.dev;
    listen 80;
    client_max_body_size 8M;
    access_log /var/log/nginx/target.jp7fkf.dev.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/target.jp7fkf.dev.error.log;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://target.jp7fkf.dev;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server   $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

h2o

  • h2oをcentos7にいれる

    [jp7fkf@localhost]$ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/bintray-tatsushid-h2o-rpm.repo
#bintray-tatsushid-h2o-rpm - packages by tatsushid from Bintray
[bintray-tatsushid-h2o-rpm]
name=bintray-tatsushid-h2o-rpm
#If your system is CentOS
baseurl=https://dl.bintray.com/tatsushid/h2o-rpm/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
#If your system is Fedora
#baseurl=https://dl.bintray.com/tatsushid/h2o-rpm/fedora/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

    をかいて yum install h2o する．

  • configをかいてstart/enable

[root@localhost]# vim /etc/h2o/h2o.conf
  # configを書く

[root@localhost]# systemctl restart h2o
[root@localhost]# systemctl status h2o
● h2o.service - H2O - the optimized HTTP/1, HTTP/2 server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/h2o.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2019-03-04 06:06:09 UTC; 1s ago
  Process: 29122 ExecStop=/bin/kill -TERM ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
 Main PID: 29980 (perl)
   CGroup: /system.slice/h2o.service
           ├─29980 perl -x /usr/share/h2o/start_server --pid-file=/var/run/h2o/h2o.pid --log-file=/var/log/h2o/error.log --port=0.0.0.0:443 --port=...
           ├─29981 /usr/sbin/h2o -c /etc/h2o/h2o.conf
           ├─29982 /usr/sbin/h2o -c /etc/h2o/h2o.conf
           └─29986 perl -x /usr/share/h2o/annotate-backtrace-symbols

Mar 04 06:06:09 instance-1 systemd[1]: Started H2O - the optimized HTTP/1, HTTP/2 server.
Mar 04 06:06:09 instance-1 h2o[29980]: start_server (pid:29980) starting now...
  • 残念ながらchromeなどではhttpsじゃないとhttp2にならずにhttp1.1で処理される．

h2oでbasic authをする

  "www.example.com:443":
    listen:
      port: 443
      ssl:
        minimum-version: TLSv1.2
        certificate-file: /path/to/fullchain.pem
        key-file: /path/to/privkey.pem
    paths:
      "/secretdir":
        mruby.handler: |
          require "htpasswd.rb"
          Htpasswd.new("/path/to/.htpasswd", "reclaim-name")
        file.dir: /path/to/secretdir
        file.dirlisting: ON

このrequireはどこにあるかというと， #{$H2O_ROOT}/share/h2o/mruby/htpasswd.rb であり， h2o 2.0以降では $LOAD_PATH にこのパスが通る様になっている． 通常何も指定しない場合，/usr/share/h2o配下にこのあたりのモジュールが入っている．

$ cat /usr/share/h2o/mruby/htpasswd.rb | head -50

# based on public-domain code by cho45
#
# Copyright (c) 2015 DeNA Co., Ltd., Kazuho Oku
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
# deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
# rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
# sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
# IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
class Htpasswd

  attr_accessor :path
  attr_accessor :realm

  def initialize(path, realm)
    @path = path
    @realm = realm
  end

  def call(env)
    if /\/\.ht/.match(env['PATH_INFO'])
      return [ 404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, [ "not found" ] ]
    end
    auth = env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']
    if auth
      method, cred = *auth.split(' ')
      if method.casecmp("basic") == 0
        user, pass = cred.unpack("m")[0].split(':', 2)
        begin
          if lookup(user, pass)
            return [ 399, { "x-fallthru-set-remote-user" => user }, [] ]
          end
        rescue => e
          $stderr.puts "failed to validate password using file:#{@path}:#{e.message}"
          return [ 500, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, [ "Internal Server Error" ] ]
        end
      end

nginxみたいにconfigの文法/loadチェックは -t でできる．

$ sudo h2o -t
[OCSP Stapling] testing for certificate file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
fetch-ocsp-response (using OpenSSL 1.1.1  11 Sep 2018)
sending OCSP request to http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org
/path/to/fullchain.pem: good
  This Update: May 12 18:00:00 2020 GMT
  Next Update: May 19 18:00:00 2020 GMT
verifying the response signature
verify OK (used: -VAfile /tmp/yp4JpXw_Bx/issuer.crt)
[OCSP Stapling] stapling works for file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
[OCSP Stapling] testing for certificate file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
fetch-ocsp-response (using OpenSSL 1.1.1  11 Sep 2018)
sending OCSP request to http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org
/path/to/fullchain.pem: good
  This Update: May 12 18:00:00 2020 GMT
  Next Update: May 19 18:00:00 2020 GMT
verifying the response signature
verify OK (used: -VAfile /tmp/tNeG5H545D/issuer.crt)
[OCSP Stapling] stapling works for file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
[OCSP Stapling] testing for certificate file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
fetch-ocsp-response (using OpenSSL 1.1.1  11 Sep 2018)
sending OCSP request to http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org
/path/to/fullchain.pem: good
  This Update: May 12 18:00:00 2020 GMT
  Next Update: May 19 18:00:00 2020 GMT
verifying the response signature
verify OK (used: -VAfile /tmp/O1wciPVZvm/issuer.crt)
[OCSP Stapling] stapling works for file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
[OCSP Stapling] testing for certificate file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
fetch-ocsp-response (using OpenSSL 1.1.1  11 Sep 2018)
sending OCSP request to http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org
/path/to/fullchain.pem: good
  This Update: May 12 18:00:00 2020 GMT
  Next Update: May 19 18:00:00 2020 GMT
verifying the response signature
verify OK (used: -VAfile /tmp/4KgvYYetqh/issuer.crt)
[OCSP Stapling] stapling works for file:/path/to/fullchain.pem
configuration OK
  • ssl証明書のチェックもしてくれるっぽい．ありがたい．

ディレクトリ構造を出したい

  • file.dirlisting: ON とする．indexが見えるようになる．
  • nginxで言う autoindex on; 相当

Let's Encrypt

cert-botをいれて証明書をもらう

# hostが自分で引けるかどうか
[jp7fkf@localhost]$ host jp7fkf.dev
jp7fkf.dev has address x.x.x.x
[jp7fkf@localhost]$ host www.jp7fkf.dev
www.jp7fkf.dev is an alias for jp7fkf.dev.
jp7fkf.dev has address x.x.x.x

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo yum install certbot
# installする

# certbotを動かす．オプション指定をして一気にキメている．
# --agree-tosはtosにagreeするy/nプロンプトを全agree
# --webrootでwebrootモード(一方はstandaloneモード．これだと更新時にhttpdがstopとなる．)
# -w でwebroot(認証用ファイルを置くディレクトリ)を指定(ここでは/var/www/html)
# -d でdomain name指定(複数ある場合は-d <domain>で複数記述)
[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo certbot certonly --agree-tos --webroot -w /var/www/html/ -d jp7fkf.dev -d www.jp7fkf.dev
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices) (Enter 'c' to
cancel): [email protected]
Starting new HTTPS connection (1): acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit
organization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about our work
encrypting the web, EFF news, campaigns, and ways to support digital freedom.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(Y)es/(N)o: N
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for jp7fkf.dev
http-01 challenge for www.jp7fkf.dev
Using the webroot path /var/www/html for all unmatched domains.
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Resetting dropped connection: acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org

IMPORTANT NOTES:
 - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem
   Your key file has been saved at:
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/privkey.pem
   Your cert will expire on 2019-06-02. To obtain a new or tweaked
   version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
   again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
   "certbot renew"
 - Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
   configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
   secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
   also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
   making regular backups of this folder is ideal.
 - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:

   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo certbot renew --dry-run
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cert not due for renewal, but simulating renewal for dry run
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Starting new HTTPS connection (1): acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org
Renewing an existing certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for jp7fkf.dev
http-01 challenge for www.jp7fkf.dev
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Resetting dropped connection: acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
new certificate deployed without reload, fullchain is
/etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates below have not been saved.)

Congratulations, all renewals succeeded. The following certs have been renewed:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem (success)
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates above have not been saved.)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

IMPORTANT NOTES:
 - Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
   configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
   secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
   also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
   making regular backups of this folder is ideal.

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo ls -l /etc/letsencrypt/live/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  93 Mar  4 05:09 jp7fkf.dev
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 740 Mar  4 05:09 README
[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo ls -l /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev
total 4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  34 Mar  4 05:09 cert.pem -> ../../archive/jp7fkf.dev/cert1.pem
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  35 Mar  4 05:09 chain.pem -> ../../archive/jp7fkf.dev/chain1.pem
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  39 Mar  4 05:09 fullchain.pem -> ../../archive/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain1.pem
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  37 Mar  4 05:09 privkey.pem -> ../../archive/jp7fkf.dev/privkey1.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 692 Mar  4 05:09 README

[root@localhost]# vim /etc/h2o/h2o.conf
  # # h2o.confに証明書情報を書き加える．
  # # Example
  # user: nobody
  # hosts:
  #   "localhost:443":
  #     listen:
  #       port: 443
  #       host: 0.0.0.0
  #       ssl:
  #         certificate-file: "/etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem"
  #         key-file: "/etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/privkey.pem"

[root@localhost]# systemctl restart h2o

renewするとき

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo certbot renew
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cert not yet due for renewal

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The following certs are not due for renewal yet:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem expires on 2019-06-02 (skipped)
No renewals were attempted.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

renewのdry-runもできる

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo certbot renew --dry-run
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cert not due for renewal, but simulating renewal for dry run
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Starting new HTTPS connection (1): acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org
Renewing an existing certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for jp7fkf.dev
http-01 challenge for www.jp7fkf.dev
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Resetting dropped connection: acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
new certificate deployed without reload, fullchain is
/etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates below have not been saved.)

Congratulations, all renewals succeeded. The following certs have been renewed:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem (success)
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates above have not been saved.)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

強制更新 --force-renew

[jp7fkf@localhost]$ sudo certbot renew --force-renew --post-hook "systemctl restart h2o"
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Plugins selected: Authenticator webroot, Installer None
Starting new HTTPS connection (1): acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org
Renewing an existing certificate
Resetting dropped connection: acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
new certificate deployed without reload, fullchain is
/etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Congratulations, all renewals succeeded. The following certs have been renewed:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/jp7fkf.dev/fullchain.pem (success)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Running post-hook command: systemctl restart h2o
  • ちなみに certbot delete --cert-name <domain> で取得した証明書を削除できる．

自動更新

  • cronを使う方法
# crontab -l
0 0,12 * * * /bin/certbot renew --post-hook "systemctl restart h2o"

  • systemdを使う方法

    • /etc/systemd/system/に下記をおく
    #certbot.service

[Unit]
Description=Certbot renew service
After=h2o.target

[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/usr/bin/certbot renew --post-hook "systemctl restart h2o"

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
certbot.timer

[Unit]
Description=Renew Certification every day

[Timer]
OnBootSec=1min
OnCalendar=*-*-* 04:00:00
Unit=certbot.service

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target
    • systemd darmon-reload
      • sudo systemctl daemon-reload
    • timer一覧
      • sudo systemctl list-timers
    • journalctl -x -u certbot とかでログをみてみるとか

Let's EncryptなError

Attempting to renew cert (jp7fkf.dev) from /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf produced an unexpected error: Missing command line flag or config entry for this setting:
Input the webroot for jp7fkf.dev:. Skipping.
All renewal attempts failed. The following certs could not be renewed:

的な感じに言われる．

  • /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/jp7fkf.dev.conf に下記の記載がなかったりする．
  [[webroot_map]]
jp7fkf.dev = /path/to/document/root
www.jp7fkf.dev = /path/to/document/root

これがいつのまにか消えてたりするらしいので注意．

apache2 (ubuntu18?)

apache2でdocument rootをredirectする．

  • たとえば http:x.x.x.x/ を http:x.x.x.x/git/ にリダイレクトしたければ，virtual hostなどに下記を書く．
  • RedirectMatch ^/$ /git/

/etc/apache2/*-enabled と /etc/apache2/*-avaialable

  • Q. なぜフォルダが2つあるのか(available, enabled)
    • A. 利用する/しないを分けるため．
  • availableには利用しないがファイル自体はdumpできる．
  • そうすると下記のようなコマンドで即座にenable可能．
  • これらのコマンドは/etc/apache2/*-enabledに/etc/apache2/*-availableへのシンボリックリンクを生成する．
# /etc/apache2/sites-avalable における適用と削除
a2ensite <filename>
a2dissite　<filename>

# /etc/apache2/mods-avalable における適用と削除
a2enmod <filename>
a2dismod <filename>

# /etc/apache2/conf-avalable における適用と削除
a2enconf <filename>
a2disconf <filename>

MIME

  • そもそもMIMEとは
    • Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensionsの略
    • ASCIIだけでいろいろ表現する．多言語，画像，音声など．
    • base64とかでencodeされることがほとんど．
    • 複数のファイルとかを扱うべく，MIME multipartという拡張仕様がある．これによりメール本文とは別に複数の添付ファイル等を埋め込むことができる．
    • MIMEはメールヘッダにContent-Typeを含む．このしくみがHTTPとかのformのPOSTとかにも流用されている．
      • media typeはRFCや3GPPで標準化され，IANAで管理されているMedia Types
      • treeに含めるにはIANAの登録手続きが必要とされている．
    • 暗号化，デジタル署名を用いたS/MIME(Secure MIME)と呼ばれる方式も存在する．公開鍵暗号の仕組みを利用し，暗号化，電子署名を行っている．

Multipart Format/boundary

  • MIMEのcontent-typeとしてmultipartを利用する場合，各contentの区切りの表現が必要となる．これを表現するのがboundaryである．
  • たとえばContent-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=--HogeBoundaryHogeHogeというcontent-typeが指定されている場合，--HogeBoundaryHogeHogeをコンテンツの区切りとして解釈する．したがって．
--HogeBoundaryHogeHoge
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="textform01"

Hoge
--HogeBoundaryHogeHoge
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="huga.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain

Huga
--HogeBoundaryHogeHoge

のように各コンテンツの境界を--HogeBoundaryHogeHogeで表現し，区切られた各コンテンツについて改めて内部でそのコンテンツを示すヘッダ，及びコンテンツ本体が表現される． これによって複数のコンテンツを交換する事が可能となっている．